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OUTLINE S 



PHRENOLOGY; 



Gr SPURZHEIM, M. D. 

OF THE UNIVERSITIES OF VIENNA AND PARIS, AND LICEN- 
TIATE OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE I'F PHYSICIANS OF 
LONDON. 



BEING ALSO 



A MANUAL OF REFERENCE FOR THE MARKED BUST. 



boston: 



MARSH, CAFEN AND LYON. 

1832. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, 

By Marsh, Capen and Lyon, 

in the Clerk's Office ofthe District Court of Massachusetts. 



PREFACE. 



The aim of this small Volume, is to con- 
vey a brief but comprehensive view of the 
elementary notions of Phrenology. The 
details of this science are considered in Dr 
Gall's work, in my own publications, and 
in Mr Combe's System of Phrenology. 
Illustrative observations are also contained 
in the Transactions of the Edinburgh 
Phrenological Society, and in the Phre- 
nological Journal of the same city. The 
various extensive collections of casts 
in London, Edinburgh, Paris, &c. furnish 
ample evidence of the data on which phre- 
nology is founded. I hope that before long 
they will not be wanting on this side of 
the globe. Nature is constant and ever 
within the reach of those who would ex- 
amine for themselves, and by self-examin- 
ation, obtain self-conviction of truth. 



IV PREFACE. 

1 shall divide these Outlines into three 
Sections, and consider in the first, the 
principles of Phrenology; in the second, 
the special faculties of the mind, and their 
respective organs; and make some remarks 
in the third, on the usefulness and practical 
application of this science. 



% 



CONTENTS. 



SECTION T. 

General Principles of Phrenology. 

Page 
Object of Phrenology .... 1 

Influence of temperament on the mental func- 
tions ...... 2 

Influence of the viscera on the feelipo-s . 5 

The brain is the organ of the mind, as well of 
its affective as of its intellectual manifesta- 
tions ...... 6 

Objections ...... 7 

Absolute or proportionate size of the brain 8 

Plurality of mental powers and of cerebral or- 
gans ...... 10 

Means of determining the functions of the cere- 
oral parts . . . . .11 

Proceeding of Gall . 13 

The size of the cerebral parts may be ascertain- 
ed by the external shape and size of the 
head , 15 



CONTENTS. 

Phrenology is founded on observation and in- 
duction .... 18 

Circumstances which induce Phrenologists to 
consider a faculty as special or fundamen- 
tal . 18 

The special powers of the mind must be point- 
ed out, and the nomenclature of the organs 
established accordingly . . 18 

Order in which the organs may be examined 19 

Best manner of studying Phrenology . 22 



SECTION II. 

Special Faculties of the Mind. 

ORDER I. — Feelings, or Affective Faculties. 

GENUS I. — Propensities. 



| Desire to live 


24 


# Alimentiveness 


. 25 


1. Destructiveness 


. ib. 


2. Amativeness 


. 28 


3. Philoprogenitiveness 


29 


4. Adhesiveness 


. 30 


5. Inhabitiveness 


. 31 


6. Combativeness 


. 33 


7. Secretiveness 


34 


8. Acquisitiveness 


. 35 


9. Constructiveness 


. 36 



CONTENTS 



GENUS II. — Sentiments. 



10. Cautiousness .... 


. 38 


11. Approbativeness 


. 38 


12. Self-esteem .... 


. 40 


13. Benevolence .... 


. 41 


14. Reverence .... 


. 43 


15. Firmness ..... 


. 44 


16. Conscientiousness 


. 45 


17. Hope . . . 


46 


18. Marvellousness .... 


47 


19. Ideality . .- . 


. 48 


20. Mirthfulness .... 


49 


21. Imitation .... 


50 


ORDER II. — Intellectual Faculties. 




GENU'S I. — External Senses. 




Voluntary motion . . . 


51 


Feeling 


51 


Taste 


4b. 


Smell . . ... 


ib. 


Hearing . 


58 


Sight .... 


ib. 


GENUS II. — Perceptive Faculties. 




22. Individuality . 


59 



CONTENTS. 



23. Configuration 


. 


. 60 


24. Size 


• 


. ib. 


25. Weight and resistance 


. 61 


26. Coloring 


. 


. ib. 


27. Locality 


. 


. 63 


28. Order 


. 


. 64 


29. Calculation 


. 


. 65 


30. Eventuality 


. 


. ib. 


31. Time 


. 


. 66 


32. Tune 


. 


. 67 


33. Artificial language 


. 68 


GENUS III.- 


— Reflective Facult 


IES. 


34. Comparison 




. 69 


35. Causality 


. 


. 70 



SECTION III. 

Usefulness of Phrenology. 

Phrenology in relation to Morality and Reli- 
gion. 73 

phrenology is the true philosophy . . 82 

Phrenology is indispensable to the study of In- 
sanity . . . . . .87 

Phrenology guides our judgment in social in- 
tercourse . . . . 92 

Ehrenology is the basis of education . 94 



OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY, 
&c. 



SECTION I. 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 

Introductory View. 

The name Phrenology is derived from two 
Greek words, <^v mind, and loyog discourse. 
I have chosen it to designate the doctrine of the 
special manifestations of the mind, and of the bod- 
ily conditions under which they have place. Man 
not being endowed with powers to perceive .the 
essences of things, cannot know the mind in itself, 
nor its beginning, nor its manner of acting, nor its 
.final destination. These points are objects ^of 
^metaphysical and theological inquiry. 

It is evidently necessary first to know the nature 
and extent of phrenological principles, before their 
{usefulness and practical applica-ion can be cor- 
1 



2 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

ceived. Considerations of that kind, therefore, 
are reserved for the last Section. I here merely 
state that Phrenology concerns the most important 
element in the nature of man: the manifestations 
of his affective and intellectual faculties; and that 
it seems impossible to point out any object more 
interesting to natural philosophers, anatomists, 
physiologists, physicians, teachers, moralists and 
legislators. 



CHAP. I. 
On Temperaments. 

It is an ancient doctrine, that the mind and bo- 
dy exercise a mutual influence upon each other. 
The bodily constitution called temperament, has 
long been and is still often considered sufficient to 
explain the great differences of the mental dispo- 
sitions of man. A bilious constitution, for in- 
stance, is said to be the cause of irascibility and 
stubborness, of sound judgment and mental pene- 
tration; whilst a sanguine temperament, as it is 
thought, produces memory but less judgement, 



TEMPERAMENTS. 3 

amiable feelings, and attachment to sensual pleas- 
ures. 

The doctrine of the temperaments as producing 
determinate powers, may be easily refuted, since 
there is no regular and constant relation between 
the temperaments and mental functions. Every 
sort of talent, and every kind of feeling, may be ob- 
served along with every variety of temperament. 
In Phrenology, however, it is admitted that more 
or less activity in the digestive, circulatory, respi- 
ratory, secretory, and other systems, greatly mod- 
ifies the whole constitution of the body in general, 
and that of the brain in particular, but it is denied 
that the special or primitive manifestations of the 
mind, result from the corporeal constitution. This 
only gives more or less activity and perfection to 
the fundamental faculties. 

I admit four different temperaments, as four 
different degrees of activity in the powers. The 
first, styled lymphatic or phlegmatic is recognized 
by a pale thick skin, round form, repletion of the 
cellular tissue by fatness, softness of the muscular 
system, thick lips, fair hair and by languid vital 
actions, with tardiness and weakness in the whole 
of the vegetative, affective, and intellectual func- 
tions. 



4 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

The second, or sanguine constitution, is dis- 
tinguishable by moderate plumpness of person, 
and tolerable firmness of flesh, light hair inclin- 
ing to chesnut, blue eyes, fair complexion, great 
activity of the blood-vessels, easy perspiration and 
an animated countenance. 

The bilious temperament, combined with still 
greater energy, is proclaimed by the black hair,- 
dark skin, moderate fulness and firmness of flesh, 
harshly expressed outline of the person, and by 
the strong, marked, and decided countenance. 

The nervous , and the most active temperament, 
is characterized by fine thin hair, delicate health, - 
thin skin, emaciation of muscles, quickness in- 
muscular motion, and vivacity of sensations. Fn 
my work on Characters, PL I. each of these 
four temperaments is exemplified by a portrait. 

It must be added, that these temperaments 
are seldom pure and distinct, but mostly mixed;- 



VISCERA. 5 

CHAP. II. 

0,i the influence of the viscera on feeling. 

A great number of philosophers and physicians 
derived the feelings from different viscera of the 
chest and abdomen. It is true that man and an- 
imals when affected by strong feelings of joy, fear 
anger, and so on, feel some motion in the viscera. 
But it may be answered generally that from vari- 
ous phenomena exhibited by different parts of the 
body, it is impossible to infer that the primitive 
causes of the sensations are inherent there. The 
activity of one part commonly produces different 
phenomena in others on account of their connexion. 
Sorrow makes the tears flow, but who asserts that 
sorrow r resides in the lachrymal gland ? The viscera 
and the brain are under mutual influence. Indi- 
gestible aliments occasion headach, and strong 
emotions of the mind disturb the functions of 
the viscera. There is neither in animals nor in 
man any relation between their viscera and affec- 
tive tendencies. The influence of the viscera on 
the mental phenomena is only mediate. 



OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 



CHAP. III. 

The brain is ihe organ of the mind. 

The proofs in support of this position are as 
follows : 

1 . Without brain there is no manifestation of feel- 
ings or of intellectual functions. 

2. If the cerebral organization be defective, 
the manifestations of the mind are also defective-;. 
as happens in many idiots from birth. 

3. If in the healthy state the development of 
the brain be very considerable, the manifestations 
of the affective and intellectual powers are very 
energetic. 

4. The manifestations of the mind follow the 
ordinary or extraordinary growth of the brain. 
This organ is pulpy in young children, and the 
mental powers are scarcely perceptible; but in 
proportion as it becomes perfect, the mental fac- 
ulties appear; in its state of maturity, the mentaL 
powers arrif e at the greatest energy, and in pro- 
portion as it grows old and weak, the energy of 
the mental faculties diminishes also. 

- 5. Certain faculties are more active in women,. 



FUNCTIONS <TF THE BRAIN. 7 

others in men; the cerebral organization of both 
sexes, presents differences that coincide Avith 
those varied manifestations. 

6. The feelings and intellectual faculties are 
hereditary in the same proportion, as the cerebral 
organization is propagated from parents to chil- 
dren. 

7;. The manifestations of the mind are deran- 
ged, if the respective organs in the brain be in- 
jured. 

Objections. 

There are, However, several objections, more 
or less plausible, against the first principle of Phre- 
nology. Metaphysicians, for instance, say, that 
the manifestations of the mind cannot depend on 
bodily conditions, sincje the mind is not conscious 
of its organs. It must be answered, that the mind 
does not know the instruments, by which it mani- 
fests its feelings and intellectual powers, precisely 
as it is inscious of the muscles by means of which 
it executes voluntary motions, or of the nerves 
on which sight, hearing, tasting and smelling de- 
pend. 

There are also many cases that record injuries- 



3 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

of the brain, and losses of portions of its sub- 
stance, whilst the mental faculties continued to be 
manifested. 

Another objection has been founded on the 
disease called hydrocephalus, in which the brain 
was said to be wanting, or disorganized, or dissol- 
ved by water, at the same time that the mental 
functions continued unimpaired. 

It has also been asserted, that ossification of 
the brain has not hindered the mind from mani- 
festing its powers. 

These objections are answered, to full extent, 
in my work on Phrenology, and are beyond the 
reach of this elementary work. I think that the 
first principle of Phrenology, the brain is the or- 
gan of the affective and intellectual functions, stands 
unshaken. 



CHAP. IV. 

Of the absolute or proportionate size of the brain. 

A great number of natural philosophers, con- 
vinced that the brain is the organ of understand- 
ing, have concluded that its functions must be pro- 



FUNCTIONS OF THE ERAIN. 9 

portionate to its absolute size. More exact ob- 
servations however, show this conclusion to be 
erroneous. The ox has more brain than the dog, 
and the elephant more than man, &c. It is in- 
deed impossible, in animals of different species, 
and even in various individuals of the same spe- 
cies, to estimate innate mental dispositions by the 
absolute size of the brain in general, or of its parts- 
in particular; because the size of the cerebral or- 
gans is not the only condition to the greater or 
less energy of their functions. 

Others, therefore, endeavored to show that the 
powers of the mind are indicated by the propor- 
tionate volume of the brain to the size of the body. 

Experience, however, proves that this mode 1 
of measurement is also inexact. Small singing 
birds have larger brains, in proportion to their 
bodies, than man and the elephant. According 
to the manner of judging stated, the elephant 
would be a very stupid animal; but this is far from 
the fact. In mankind, it may be well to add, that 
middle-sized persons have commonly the largest 
brains. 

From the preceding considerations it results, that 
something else must be done in order to establish, 
a doctrine of the mind, in relation to the body. 



10 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

CHAP. V. 

Plurality of mental powers and of cerebral organs. 

The second principle of Phrenology is, that the 
mind manifests a plurality of faculties, each indi- 
vidually by means of a peculiar organic apparatus. 
Phrenologists name faculty, each species of feeling 
and thinking; and they give the name organs to 
the apparatuses by means of which the faculties 
of the mind are manifested. 

The doctrine of the plurality of mental faculties 
and the necessity of special organs is very ancient. 
As soon as philosophers studied the human mind 
and its manifestations, they found it indispensable 
to admit several powers. Phrenology, it is true, 
establishes a greater number of primitive faculties 
of the mind than any school of philosophy has yet 
done, and many faculties demonstrated by Phren- 
ology are different from those hitherto admitted. 
It also proves every proposition by positive facts. 



FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN. 11 



CHAP. VI. 

Means of determining the functions of the brain 
audits parts. 

Anatomy shows that the brain is composed of 
two halves, and that each half is an aggregation 
of parts developed in different degrees; but anat- 
omy does not reveal the functions of any organ 
whatever, consequently it can neither show the 
functions of the brain generally, nor of its parts in 
particular; just as it is impossible to infer from the 
structure of the muscles that they are contractile; 
or from the texture of the optic nerve, that it is 
destined to propagate impressions of light. Yet 
physiology without anatomy is imperfect, and 
Phrenology is greatly supported by anatomy, 
since its anatomical and physiological branches are 
found to harmonize. Were it possible to prove 
the absence of differences in the brains of animals 
whose powers differ; — or to show that all parts of 
the brain increase simultaneously ; — or that large 
hydrocephalic heads, exhibiting intellectual fac- 
ulties, are without brain, &c, Phrenology would 
be completely undermined. But as the anatomi- 



12 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

cal discoveries made in the brain are in harmony 
with the phrenological ideas of its functions, that 
science stands on more solid ground. 

Several natural philosophers have endeavored by 
mutilations, viz. by cutting away various parts of 
the brain, to discover their functions. These 
means have been pursued without fruit and will 
remain useless. They are too violent, and several 
faculties might be retained without being manifest- 
ed; at all events they cannot teach more than may 
be ascertained in the healthy state. 

The best method of determining the nature of the 
.cerebral functions, is that employed by Phrenolo- 
gists: it is to observe the size of the cerebral parts 
in relation to particular mental manifestation, and 
it is the third principle of phrenology, that in the 
same individual, larger organs show greater, and 
smaller organs less energy. It is, however, im- 
portant to remark that, though the size of the or- 
gans is sufficient to discover the nature of their 
•functions, it does not alone produce their different 
degrees of activity. Their internal constitution, 
their exercise and mutual influence also contribute 
to this; for which reason Phrenologists cannot 
compare the same organ in different species of 
^animals, nor even in different individuals of the 



PROCEEDING OF GALL. 13 

same species; but must judge of each animal or 
man individually; but then they run no risk of err- 
ing, for in the same individual larger organs always 
show more activity than those that are smaller. 

Gall, to whom is due the great merit of having 
laid the foundation of this doctrine, compared 
particular cerebral parts with determinate charac- 
ters and particular talents, and according to these 
gave names to the organs he discovered: thus he 
spoke of the organs of haughtiness, of ambition, 
of cunning, of benevolence, of religion, of theft, of 
murder, of the mechanical arts, of music, of paint- 
ing, of poetry, of mathematics, of metaphys- 
ics, &c. 

It became necessary, however, to modify this 
manner of considering Phrenology, as it appear- 
ed that actions, talents, and determinate char- 
acters result from the mutual influence of the 
primitive faculties. I therefore undertook to 
specify the nature or elements of the fundamen- 
tal powers, and to name them independently 
of any action or outward application. I also 
discovered several new organs, established a 
new division of the mental powers according to 
their inherent natures and modes of action, and 

separated that which belongs to each power itself 

2 



14 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

from what depends on its combinations with oth- 
er faculties. 

The nomenclature, introduced by Gall, was 
not only incorrect, inasmuch as it indicated deter- 
minate actions, or results of combination among 
the powers, — but it was further objectionable as 
several organs were even named from abuses of 
their primitive functions. Disorders, however, 
are the effect of predominance of powers, on ac- 
count tof the disproportionately large size or over 
excitemltat of their organs, but are not to be con- 
founded wifll^he regular operations of the facul- 
ties. Gall, it is true, was right in stating that, in 
inveterate thieves and murderers certain portions 
of the brain are large, but he erred in speaking of 
an organ of theft and of another of murder, because 
the primitive faculties which lead to such criminal 
actions are not given for that commission; though 
they may be abused like every other primitive pow- 
er. The aim and the disorders of every faculty 
and the influence of its inactivity on the functions 
of the other active powers, must be distinguished 
from each other and specified. 



CRANIOLOGY. 15 

CHAP. VII. 

Craniology* 

It is certain and may be admitted as the fourth 
principle of Phrenology, that from birth and 
through mature years, up to the period when the 
faculties fall into decay, the size and form of the 
brain and its parts may be determined by the size 
and form of the external head. The skull, though 
its two tables are not uniformly parallel, does 
not vary in thickness so much as to invalidate the 
accuracy of the above position; for the organs 
occupy large spaces, offering great varieties in 
point of size, and the appreciation of very mi- 
nute differences is not indispensably necessary. 

The science of Phrenology, however, has its 
difficulties as well as every other. It is necessa- 
ry, for instance, to estimate the different thick- 
ness of the skin and muscles that cover the 
head; — to know the bony masses which do not 
indicate any cerebral development, such as the 
mastoid process behind the ear, the crucial evo- 
lution of occiput, the zygomatic process before 
the ear, and the situation of the longitudinal sinus 
in the mesial line of the head. It is also difficult 



16 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGT. 

to determine the size of the cerebral parts around 
the orbits and at the basis of the forehead, since 
the organs in these situations are small, and lie 
behind the frontal sinus and the eyeballs. These 
points are examined in my work entitled Phreno- 
logy. 

The size of the organs is to be considered in 
all dimensions, in length and in width: The cer- 
ebral organs are long or short and slender; and 
long or short and thick. Their length disposes to 
frequent action, whilst their thickness gives more 
intensity. Phrenologists attend too little to the 
latter dimension, and too much to the elongation 
of the organs. 

It will also be well to state, that the general 
size of the organs is of more important consider- 
ation than protuberances. Protuberances occur, 
if one organ be more developed than those in its" 
neighborhood, but if all vicinant organs be equal 
in length, the surface is smooth. Now this may 
happen in heads of all sizes. 

It must further be remarked, that the organs 
cf the mind are not confined to the surface of the 
brain ; the mere peripherical expansion of each or- 
gan, and of some a portion only is in contact with 



CRANIOLOGY. 17 

the skull. Each part, however, as experience 
proves, is in relation to its whole mass. 

Finally all organs are double, even those that 
are marked single in the mesial line of the bust 
and plate. 

Phrenologists also admit, that in old age, when 
the mental powers have lost their energy, and in 
chronic cases of insanity, the external shape and 
size of the head are no certain indication of the 
cerebral development; for it frequently happens 
that the external head remains the same in appear- 
ance, whilst the brain diminishes and the skull 
becomes thicker. Such skulls are shown by op- 
ponents, but the particulars just mentioned are 
overlooked. 

I shall make another and final remark. For 
the practice of Phrenology it suffices to know 
that the nature of the cerebral functions can be 
ascertained by the size of the organs, and that the 
development of the brain, can, in general, be de- 
termined by the external configuration and size of 
the head. It is not a duty on the part of the 
Phrenologist to conclude concerning the cause of 
the size and form of the brain and its parts: wheth- 
er they depend on an innate power of growth; on 
the skull; the muscles; or even whether they be 



18 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

the effects of artificial means, such as the pres- 
sure said to be employed by savages. For the 
details of these points I refer the reader to my 
work on Phrenology. 



CHAP. VIII. 

Phrenology is established by observation and 
induction. 

In Phrenology that faculty is considered as fun- 
damental, primary, or special — 

1 . Which exists in one kind of animals and not 
in another; 

2. Which varies in the two sexes of the same 
species; 

3. Which is not proportionate to the other 
faculties of individuals; 

4. Which is not manifested simultaneously 
with the other faculties, that is, which appears 
or disappears singly, at earlier or later periods of 
life; 

5. Which may act or rest singly; 

6. Which is propagated in a distinct manner 
from parents to children; 



ORDER OF THE ORGANS. 19 

7. Which may singly preserve its proper state 
of health, or be attacked by disease. Finally, 

8. Its existence is placed beyond doubt, if its 
peculiar organ be made known by repeated ob- 
servation. 

Phrenology, like every other physical Science, 
is established by observations repeated both in 
the positive and negative way,(l.) in individuals; 
(2.) in both sexes; (3.) in different nations ; (4.) in 
criminals; (5.) in insane persons. It is confirm- 
ed by anatomy, comparative phrenology and by 
the natural language. 



CHAP. IX. 

Order in which the organs may he treated. 

The organs, it is plain, can only be examined 
in succession. Gall changed the order in which 
he considered them frequently. He was, how- 
ever, always guided by their localities. He be- 
gan at the basis of the head and eaded at the 
top. Never having allowed any essential differ- 
ence in the modes of action of the primary pow- 
ers, he consequently deemed it sufficient to take 



20 OUTLINES ON PHRENOLOGY* 

the mere situation of the respective organs to in- 
dicate the order of his descriptions. I, on the 
contrary, admitting different modes of action in 
the special faculties of the mind, conceive it pos- 
sible to divide, and to classify them according to 
their primitive functions. I arrange the mental 
powers into two orders ; — a division admitted from 
the remotest antiquity, and known under the 
names soul and spirit; — -moral and intellectual 
faculties; — understanding and will; — heart and 
head. — I prefer designating them respectively, — 
feelings and intellect, or better by the terms, 
affective and intellectual faculties. 

Both orders then may be subdivided into 
several genera, and each genus into several 
species. Certain affective powers produce de- 
sires or inclinations only, the activity of which 
in animals is called instinct. These I denomin- 
ate by the general title propensities. There are 
other affective powers which are not confined to 
mere inclination; their actions have something 
superadded that may be called sentiment. All 
propensities^ are common to man and animals, but 
the sentiments — the title I propose for the second 
genus, are partly common to man and animals, 
and partly proper to man. 



ORDER OF THE ORGANS. 21 

The second order of mental powers is destined 
to make us acquainted with the existence of the 
rmal world, and to cognize the physical qual- 
id their relations. I call the 
included in this order intellectual : and 
subdivide them into three genera. The first com- 
prises the functions of the external senses and of 
roluntaiy motion; — the second, those of the in- 
ternal senses which make man and animals ac- 
quainted with external objects, their qualities and 
their relation. These powers may be called percep- 
tice. The third genus comprises the faculties 
which act on all the other sensations and notions, 
e I name reflective faculties. 
Each genus of faculties, both affective and in- 
actual, consist of several species, and each 
species offers several modifications or varieties, 
even idi: ;s. The essence, however, of 

is always perceptible; it is proclaim- 
ed even 1 stale. The essential na- 
ture of each primary power is one and invariable, 
no organ can produce two species of tenden- 

Marked busts are in general use to indicate 

the situations of the individual organs. Though 
the order in which these are numbered may \ 



22 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

in different casts, the organs of the primitive pow- 
ers still remain the same. The place of secret- 
iveness, for instance, is invariable, whether it 
be marked and referred to as the 7th or 9th organ 
of the brain. Now as different numerations are 
used by different Phrenologists, it is advisable 
never to speak, or to make remarks, in numbers, 
otherwise confusion will be unavoidable. 



CHAP. X. 

Best manner of studying Phrenology. 

Self-conviction depends on self-observation. 
Whoever, therefore, wishes to form an opinion 
concerning the reality of Phrenology, must make 
himself acquainted (1.) with the situation of the 
special organs; (2.)withthe true meaning of each 
fundamental faculty of the mind, as adopted in 
Phrenology; (3.) with the different temperaments 
as giving more or less energy to the function of 
the organs; (4) with the relative development of 
the four regions of the head : occipital, lateral,fron- 
tal and sincipital; (5.) With the proportionate size 



MANNER OF STUDY. 23 

of the basilar to the coronal portion, and with the 
proportionate size of the three great divisions of 
the inferior feelings, superior sentiments and in- 
tellectual faculties; finally (6.) with the rela- 
tive development of the special organs in each 
individual. 

As the development of the special organs differs 
in different individuals, Phrenologists should 
determine on certain terms to indicate the relative 
size of the cerebral parts. The Edinburg Phre- 
nological Society makes use of the following ex- 
pressions: very small, small, rather small, mod- 
erate, rather full, full, rather large, large, and 
very large. It is difficult to study a great num- 
ber of degrees, or a very detailed scale of devel- 
opment. Beginners maybe satified with being 
able to distinguish four degrees,viz. predominant, 
large, moderate and small. 

Assisted by this knowledge, every one will be 
able to convince himself that the special powers 
of the mind are manifested by the instrumentali- 
ty of individual parts of the brain. 



SECTION If. 

SPECIAL FACULTIES OF THE MIND. 

ORDER I.— Feelings. 

The most essential points concerning the feel- 
ings, or affective faculties in general, are as fol- 
low: they have their origin from within, and are 
not acquired by any external impressions or cir- 
cumstances. They must be felt to be under- 
stood, for they cannot be taught; in themselves 
they are blind and without understanding, — they 
do not know the objects of their satisfaction, and 
act without reflection. 

Genus I. — Propensities. 

There are several propensities, but each has a 
specific nature; they all exist in animals and in 
man. 

f Vitativeness. 

A special instinct or desire to live seems to me 
highly probable, and I look for its organ at the 
basis where the middle and posterior lobes of the 



PROPENSITIES. 25 

brain meet each other, at the internal border of 
combativeness. 

# Mimentiveness. 

The instinct to take food is commonly attri- 
buted to the nerves of the stomach but I think 
this instinct or appetite may be distinguished from 
the sensation of want of food. Now according 
to phrenology every sort of instinct depends on 
the brain. Observation shows that the desire to 
feed is in relation to the anterior portion of the 
middle lobes. This cerebral part is developed 
in early a%e and larger in youth than in adult age; 
it is very large i n those who delight in an excel- 
lent dinner and who find it hard at table to ab- 
stain from eating of every dish. 

The organ is situated before the ear, behind 
and above the zygomatic process. 

1 . — Destrudiveness. 
Observation shows that violent death is an in- 
stitution of nature; that the propensity to kill ex- 
ists beyond a doubt in certain animals, and that 
disposition is more or less active in particular 
kinds, and also in some individuals of the same 
species. Man, it must also be admitted, is en- 
3 



26 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

dowed with the same propensity, for he kills al- 
most every variety of animated beings either to 
procure food or to supply his wants, while the 
carnivorous tribes of creation confine their de- 
structive powers to a comparatively small number 
of kinds, and this merely to supply themselves 
with nourishment. Moreover, in man, this pro- 
pensity offers different degrees of activity, from 
a mere indifference to destruction, to pleasure in 
seeing animals killed, and even to the greatest 
desire to kill. — The sight of public executions is 
insupportable to some individuals and delightful 
to others. Some highwaymen are satisfied with 
stealing, others show the most sanguinary incli- 
nation to kill without necessity. 

Idiots and the insane sometimes feel an irre- 
sistible desire to destroy all they lay hands on. 
Some of the insane thus affected, manifest the 
strongest aversion to the deeds they would do, 
and even thank those who coerce and keep them 
from mischief. 

The primary nature of this propensity is a sim- 
ple impulse to destroy; it does not consider the 
object of its application, nor the manner of de- 
stroying. It uses indifferently pointed and cut- 
ting instruments, poison, water, and fire to ac- 



PROPENSITIES. 27 

complish its desires. It is indispensable to ani- 
mals which live upon flesh. I do not, however, 
think that it determines the taste for this kind of 
aliment. The faculty is commonly more active 
in children than in adults, yet children generally 
prefer fruits and vegetables to meat. 

Besides the necessity of this instinct to procure 
animal food, its employment in self-defence is not 
only permitted by justice, but is even rewarded 
as a virtue. A sword is one of the emblems of 
state. If the faculty, however, cause the destruc- 
tion of aught that should not be destroyed it pro- 
duces disorders, as when it punishes trifling crimes 
with death, assassinates, murders, administers 
poison, or sets fire to houses. 

If we place two skulls, the one of a carnivor- 
ous, the other of an herbivorous animal, horizon- 
tally, and trace a vertical line through the opening 
of the external ear, we shall observe that there is 
more brain over the ear in the carnivorous than 
in the herbivorous animal. 

The organ of destructiveness lies in man and an- 
imals immediately above the ear, and is covered 
by the temporal bone. 



23 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

2 . — Ama iiven ess . 

In the special faculty designated amativeness, in- 
heres that feeling which is called physical love; its 
manifestation depends on the cerebellum, because 
the appetite appears with the development of this 
part, and is in relation to its size. In children, 
for instance, the cerebullum is smaller than in ad- 
ults, and in women and females generally it is 
less than in men and males. It generally attains its 
full growth between sixteen to twenty -five years 
of age, and frequently diminishes in old age. In 
some adults it is exceedingly small, and in others 
moderate, and in others again very large. Some- 
times it is of great magnitude in children, and 
then its special function, the propensity we treat 
of, appears in early life. 

The cerebullum is situated in the neck, between 
the mastoid process behind the ear, and the occip- 
ital spine in the middle of the lower and back part 
of the skull. The space between these two ele- 
vations indicates the extent of the organ in man, 
and its general size, viewed in relation to the 
other organs, may be compared with the energy 
of its primitive function in each individual of the 
human species. 



PROPENSITIES. 29 

3. — PhUoprogenitiveness. 

This word designates a primitive feeling that 
prompts the beings possessed of it to take care 
of their offspring. It does not inhere in certain 
creatures, as insects, reptiles, and fishes; these 
resign their eggs to chance, and the influence of 
some external agent. Of some kinds of animals 
the females alone are attached to their young; the 
males being perfectly indifferent about them. Of 
other tribes again, the males and females are both 
fond of their progeny; the feeling, however, is still 
more energetic in the females than in the males. 
Among the animals too, both sexes of which tend 
the young, there are females which do not feel 
the propensity, and males who experience it 
strongly. Certain women also consider children 
as a heavy burden, whilst others deem them their 
greatest treasure and chief source of happiness. 
This happens quite indiscriminately, among the 
rich and the poor, among those of good and those 
of bad breeding. 

The organ of the propensity of parental love 
occupies the portion of the occiput immediately 
above the middle part of the cerebellum. Its 
size coincides with the energy of this feeling in 



30 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

individuals, in the sexes, and in nations. In wo- 
men and females it is commonly larger than in 
men and males. 

There is a striking analogy between the heads 
of each of the sexes both in man and animals, 
and the two preceding organs in their different de- 
grees of development, suffices to distinguish the 
skulls of males from those of females of the same 
species. The former have the cerebellum, and 
the latter the organ of philoprogenitiveness the 
most pronounced. The whole configuration of 
the head too of each sex differs, those of men 
and males being commonly shorter and broader; 
those of women and females longer and narrower. 

4 . — Adhesive n ess . 

This name designates a special faculty which 
produces a tendency in men and animals to at- 
tach themselves to the beings around them, which 
binds the individuals of the same species to each 
other, and gives rise to society. It also ap- 
pears modified in those species of animals, the 
males and females of which live together domes- 
tically. Another cf its modifications is friend- 
ship. The existence of this primitive feeling is 



PROPENSITIES. 31 

ascertained by all the proofs of the plurality of the 
fundamental faculties and organs. It is stronger in 
women than in men. It forms an essential and 
prominent feature in the female character. 

The feeling of adhesiveness in itself is of an 
inferior nature, that is j common to man and animals) 
it has been often observed very energetic in crim- 
inals, who have borne the severest tortures, even 
destroyed themselves, rather than betray their 
companions in guilt. Persons in whom the pro- 
pensity is weak, have a tendency to live as her- 
mits. 

Its organ is situated outward, and a little high- 
er than that of philoprogenitiveness, under the 
middle of the lamdoidal suture. 

5. — lnhabitiveness. 

In examining the manners of living of different 
animals, it is obvious that particular kinds are at- 
tached to different and determinate localities, re- 
gions, and countries. Some seek the water from 
the moment of their existence; the turtle and duck, 
as soon as they are hatched, run towards it. Cer- 
tain species, as the chamois, wild goat, ptarmagan, 
&c. select elevated regions for their haunts, others 



32 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

prefer low countries and plains. Among the in- 
habitants of the air, some species hover principal- 
ly in the upper regions; others, although their pow- 
er of flying is great, live in lower strata, or on the 
banks of rivers. Some birds build their nests on 
the tops of trees, others at the middle branches, 
others again in the holes of their trunks, or on the 
earth. 

In conformity with all these considerations, I 
admit a primitive faculty and a special organ which 
determines animals in their dwellings. This pow- 
er, however, is modified in different animals. It 
varies in land and in water animals, just as the sen- 
ses of smell and taste vary in herbivorous and car- 
nivorous animals. 

Man also has received the feeling to be attach- 
ed to certain local situations, particularly to his 
native land. Some savage tribes are wanderers, 
whilst others were settlers even in the earliest pe- 
riod of their civilization. The organ of inhabi- 
tiveness is commonly large in mountaineers; it is 
also generally larger in women than in men. Na- 
ture, by implanting this propensity has provided 
for the inhabitation of all regions and countries by 
animals and man. 

The organ of inhabitiveness is placed above that 



PROPENSITIES. 33 

of philoprogenitiveness, at the upper end of the 
occipital bone. 

6. — Comhaiiveness. 

This power produces active courage and the 
tendency to fight: if very energetic, it leads to at- 
tack, and feels pleasure in fighting. Its existence 
is necessary as soon as animals are attached to 
offspring, to dwelling places, and stand in need 
of food. Some entire species of animals and in- 
dividuals of every species, avoid fighting, others 
are fond of it. The bull-dog and the game-cock 
evidence the existence and activity of this pro- 
pensity in a remarkable manner. There are hor- 
ses that are shy and timid, whilst others are sure 
and bold. This feeling bearing no regular pro- 
portion to muscular power, cannot originate from 
bodily strength. Men and animals w T ith small and 
feeble muscles will often fight and even discomfit 
others endued with larger and stronger muscles. 
The game-cock, for example, is smaller in size 
than the common dunghill fowl. Phrenology 
proves that the propensity to fight depends on a 
portion of the brain, situated at the posterior in- 
ferior angle of the parietal bones behind the ear 
and above the mastoid process. 



34 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

The heads of courageous men and animals are 
much developed between and behind the ears. It 
is remarkable, that the ancient Greek artists have 
given to the heads of their gladiators the greatest 
mass of brain in the situation of the organ of com- 
bativeness. 

7.— Secret iveness. 

This power gives the propensity to conceal 
without determining the object or the manner of 
concealing. It disposes to be secretin thoughts, 
words, and deeds. By its influence, the fox is 
careful not to be observed; the dog hides the bone 
he cannot eat; and the cunning man conceals his 
intentions, and sometimes professes opinions oppo- 
site to those he really entertains. It may be ap- 
plied in an infinite number of ways, and employ- 
ed under many varieties of circumstance and sit- 
uation. If not directed by justice and the oth- 
er moral feelings, it disposes to dissimulation, in- 
trigue, duplicity, hypocrisy, and lying. It finds 
pleasure in all kinds of underhand doings and clan- 
destine manoeuvres. Whenever concealment in- 
terferes, be it for good or for evil purposes, this 
feeling dictates the course pursued. 



PROPENSITIES. 35 

The organ of secrea'veness is situated in the 
middle of the lateral regions of the head, immedi- 
atelv above that of destructiveness. 

8 . — Acquisitiveness . 

This faculty reduced to its elements, consists 
in the propensity to covet, to acquire, and to gath- 
er together, without determining either objects to 
be acquired, or manners of acquisition. It cov- 
ets property, money, animals, land, cattle, any 
thing, and every thing upon earth. If it be very 
active, it gives a perpetual craving after larger 
possessions. It is this propensity that prompts 
hat frequent question among mankind: What its 
this good for? It produces selfishness and the 
love of riches. It also disposes men and animals 
to make provisions for the future, but the objects 
collected and the manner of getting them togeth- 
er, whether by industry, commerce, gaming, or 
stealing, depend on other faculties, and on the 
situation in society, and the circumstances in 
which the collector is placed. 

This feeling is undoubtedly one of the great- 
est obstacles to the practice of morality: it divides 
society in all its fractions; it arms individuals 
against individuals, families against* families, 



36 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

and nations against nations. The reason, there- 
fore, is easily conceived why the Christian code 
judges its abuses with so much severity. 

The most common of its disorderly acts is 
stealing; a vice that occurs among individuals of 
good and of bad education, among the rich and 
the poor, in the st^te of health, and in that of 
disease; for it is a frequent symptom in insanity. 

The organ of acquisitiveness lies at the upper 
part of the temples, beneath the anterior and in- 
ferior angle of the parietal bone. 

9 — Construct iveness. 
This faculty produces construction of every 
kind. By means of it birds build nests for their 
young, rabbits dig burrows, and the beaver makes 
its dwelling. By its means too, man constructs, 
from the huts in his savage state, to the palaces 
of kings, and the temples of God. All kinds of 
architecture, and varieties of mechanism, are its 
offspring. It builds the engines of commerce, 
manufactures, and war, — ships, fortifications, ma- 
chinery, instruments, furniture, clothes, fashion- 
able trinkets, and toys; it is essential in the arts 
of drawing, engraving, carving, writing, and 
sculpture. It gives dexterity in the use of tools 



PROPENSITIES. 37 

generally, and directs skilful workmen of every 
description. It guides the practical part of con- 
struction, but does not determine the objects to 
be constructed. Combined with the organs of 
configuration and size, it produces accurate draw- 
ing; and with the addition of coloring and imita- 
tion, it paints good portraits. In union with the 
intellectual faculties that cognize objects, and 
their physical qualities, it gives a bent towards 
mechanics. 

The seat of the organ of constructiveness is 
anterior to that of acquisitiveness, and lies under 
the place where the frontal, parietal, and sphe- 
noidal bones unite. Its appearance and situation 
vary according to the development of the neigh- 
boring organs, according to the basis of the head, 
and the size of the zygomatic process. If the 
convolutions in the situation indicated, project 
more than the external angle of the orbit, then the 
organ of constructiveness may be admitted as 
large. If the basis of the skull be narrow, it lies 
a little higher than in heads which are very broad 
in the basilar region, and across the zygomatic 
processes. — Moreover it is covered with one of 
the masticatory muscles; this must therefore be 
examined by the touch, before the exact size of 
the organ in question can be distinguished. 
4 



38 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

Genus II. — Sentiments. 

These faculties join to a propensity an emotion, 
or a feeling, of a specific kind. Several of them 
are common to man and animals, and others are 
peculiar to man. 

SENTIMENTS COMMON TO MAN AND ANIMALS. 

10. — Cautiovsness. 

This sentiment prompts animals and man to take 
care, to be cautious. In due quantity, it makes 
us apprehend danger and consequences, and gives 
prudence; in large proportion, however, it occa- 
sions doubts, irresolution, uncertainty, anxiety, 
and the host of hesitations and alarms expressed 
by the word but; it also disposes to seriousness, 
melancholy, and sometimes to suicide from dis- 
ease. It acts in those animals which place senti- 
nels, and in those which, though they see by day- 
light, do not dare to seek their food except by 
night: it may be affected in a way called/ear. Its 
deficiency disposes to levity and carelessness of 
behaviour, the other faculties not being restrained 
by its presence, act according to their own natures 



SENTIMENTS. 39 

and strength, without any shade of reserve or tim- 
idity to obscure their functions. This feeling is 
commonly more active in women and females than 
in men and males. To the female it comes in- 
stead of the strength and vigor of the male, and 
seems more especially necessary to her, as the 
safety of the offspring may often mainly depend 
on her prudence and care. 

The organ of cautiousness is situated nearly in 
the middle of the parietal bones. 

1 1 . — Love of approbation. 

This feeling makes us attentive to the opinion 
entertained of us by others; it blindly desires and 
courts approbation. It may be demanded on the 
score of trifles and unimportant acts, be claimed 
for great and useful deeds, or be required for crim- 
inal and pernicious doings. The direction which 
it takes, depends on the general faculties with 
which it is combined. In children its agency ap- 
pears in emulation; and in maturity of years, it is 
proclaimed by the love of glory, of fame, and of 
distinction. Ambition is the title its activity re- 
ceives, if the object aspired to be important; van- 
ity designates it, if endeavors at distinction be 



40 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

made through little things, such as gowns, ribbons 
&c. It is the cause of every kind of showy and 
polite behaviour; it induces us to make ourselves 
agreeable to others, and give the tone to fine and 
polished manners in society; if it predominate, 
however, and be not under the guidance of supe- 
rior feelings, it renders man the slave of fashion, 
in opposition to morality and reason. This sen- 
timent is more active in women than in men; its 
difference is frequently very apparent in cases of 
insanity. Its deficiency makes us indifferent to 
the opinions of others, to compliments, and to 
every kind of showy appearance. 

The organ is situated on either side of that of 
self-esteem, at the posterior upper and lateral 
part of the head. 

12. — Self-esteem. 
This feeling is generally considered as facti- 
tious, or as the result of social circumstances; but 
Phrenology proves that it is fundamental. A vast 
opinion of their own persons is sometimes observ- 
ed in individuals, who have no claims to influence 
over others, or to particular notice, either by 
birth, fortune, or personal talents. Pride is a 
sentiment that is commonly more active in men 



SENTIMENTS. 41 

than in women. By the influence of its organ, 
the insane fancy themselves great geniuses, kings, 
emperors, ministers of state, and several even the 
Supreme Being. The horse, peacock, turkey- 
cock, &c. manifest feelings analogous to pride. 
Its great activity in society gives arrogance, self- 
conceit, pride, haughtiness, and an authoritative 
behavior. Combined with superior sentiments and 
intellect, it contributes to true dignity and great- 
ness of mind: its deficiency disposes to hiunility. 
The organ of this sentiment is placed at the 
top, or crown of the head, precisely at the spot 
from which the priests of the Roman Catholic 
Church are obliged to shave the hair. 

13. — Benevolence. 

This feeling differs widely, both among chil- 
dren and adults. Some are complete egotists in 
all, and think of themselves alone; others excel in 
goodness, and devote their lives to the relief of 
the poor and the afflicted. Whole tribes are 
mild and peaceable, whilst others are warlike and 
cruel. 

The feeling of benevolence also exists among 
animals. Several species are naturally meek and 
good-natured, as the roe and sheep, whilst others 
4* 



42 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

are savage and mischievous, as the chamois and 
tiger. Some dogs, horses, monkeys, &c. are 
mild and familiar, whilst others of the same kind 
are bad tempered, fierce, and intractable. 

In mankind, the feeling is greatly ennobled, 
and its sphere of activity augmented. It produces 
kindness, benignity, benevolence, clemency, 
equity, urbanity; in short, it leads to the fulfilment 
of the great commandment, Love thy neighbor as 
thyself. 

The deficiency of the sentiment is often made 
very apparent, through the actions of some of the 
other feelings. Destructiveness, for instance, 
without the restraint of benevolence, acts in a 
cruel manner, and so on. 

The organ of benevolence lies on the upper 
and middle part of the frontal bone. This part 
of the forehead is much higher in the bust of Sen- 
eca than in that of Nero. The skulls of Caribs 
are flatter than those of Hindoos in the same sit- 
uation. 

SENTIMENTS PROPER TO MAN. 

The most important of these feelings are such 
as are in relation with morality and religion. Ac- 



SENTIMENTS. 43 

cording to Phrenology, man is, by his nature, a 
moral and religious being, and is created capable 
of receiving revelation; This, indeed, only regu- 
lates the functions of his inherent and innate sen- 
timents. 

The moral as well as the religious nature of man 
is compounded of several fundamental powers. I 
understand by moral, those feelings which are 
given to guide our actions with reference to our 
fellow-creatures, and by religious , those which 
bring us into relation with supernatural beings, 
and produce all conceptions of the marvellous and 
supernatural. 

The first of the moral feelings: Benevolence 
and its organ are already mentioned. I now come 
to that, the application of which is at one time 
moral, and at another religious. 

14. — Reverence, 

This sentiment produces respectfulness and 
reverence in general, and when directed to su- 
pernatural beings it leads to adoration and wor- 
ship. It may be applied to all sorts of objects, 
to persons, and to things. It does not determine 
the being or thing to be venerated, nor the man- 
ner of venerating. The ancients worshipped 



44 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

many divinities, and the present generation adores 
the Supreme Being in different ways according 
to their creeds and intellectual faculties. The 
respect we feel for ancestors, parents, benefac- 
tors of mankind, and holy things, results from this 
power. 

The feeling, when too active, produces great dis- 
orders. Applied to ancient opinions, it opposes 
a formidable obstacle to improvement; for it op- 
poses innovation of every description. 

The organ of reverence is situated in the mid- 
dle of the sincipital region of the head, at the place 
which corresponds with the fontanel in children. 



15.— Fi 



mnness. 



It is difficult to define this feeling. Its effects 
are often called will, and those who have it strong, 
are prone to say, 1 will; but their will is not an act 
of reflection, a condition necessary to free will 
and liberty. The meaning of their I will is, I 
desire, I command, I insist upon. This feeling 
contributes to maintain the activity of the other 
faculties by giving perseverance and constancy. 
It also gives a love of independence: its too great 
activity produces stubbornness, obstinacy, and 



SENTIMENTS. 45 

disobedience. Its deficiency renders man incon- 
stant and changeable. . Individuals so constituted 
have little determination, readily yield in their 
opinions, and are easily diverted from their pur- 
suits or undertakings. 

The organ of firmness is placed in the middle 
of the upper and posterior part of the sincipital 
region of the head. 



16. — Conscientiousness. 

This faculty produces the feeling of duty, the 
desire of being just, and the love of truth. It 
looks for justice, and makes us wish to act justly, 
but it does not determine what is just or unjust. 
This determination depends on the combination 
of the sentiment with other affective and intellec- 
tual powers. He who unites conscientiousness 
with active lower propensities, will call that just 
which another, endowed with conscientiousness, 
much benevolence and veneration, and little of the 
lower propensities, calls unjust. c All the ways of 
a man' says Solomon, 'are clean m his own eyes, 
but the Lord weigheth the spirits.' 

This primitive feeling may be disagreeably af- 
fected in a way called repentance or remorse. lis 






46 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

great and general deficiency among mankind is 
much to be lamented; it is this that occasions, as 
it explains, the many unprincipled acts that are 
continually done. 

The organ of conscientiousness lies between 
those of cautiousness and firmness, in a lateral di- 
rection forward downward. 



17.— Hope. 

There is a feeling in the mind of hope generally, 
or of belief in the possibility of acquiring what the 
other faculties desire; without, however, being 
attended by conviction. This depends on reflec- 
tion. The great energy of hope makes us build 
castles in the air, and pile project upon project: 
it is an element in gambling of all kinds; it also 
prompts the merchant in his speculations. Re- 
ligiously directed, it forms an item in faith, by 
producing belief in a life to come, yet it is also 
necessary in our present state of being, and brings 
comfort in almost every situation. Its too great 
activity deceives, and disposes to credulity; its 
want, particularly when cautiousness is large, is 
apt to leave the mind overshadowed by gloomy 
despondency. 



SENTIMENTS. 47 

The organ of hope lies on each side,but a little 
backward, of that of veneration. 

18. — JMarvellousness* 

This feeling disposes man to admire, to be as- 
tonished, and to believe in supernatural agents, 
events and conceptions. It is pleased with all 
sorts of marvellous notions, and is the grand basis 
of all religious faith; it believes in revelation, in 
providence, in the communication of supernatural 
beings with man, and in the miracles done by those 
it disposes men to receive as sent from heaven to 
instruct them in their moral and religious duties. 
It is an undisputed historical fact,that all religious 
systems are supported by supernatural authority; 
that all prophets proved their mission by miracles, 
and that even false prophets tried to deceive by 
the same means. 

All classes of society in every degree of civil- 
ization, are amused with fictions and tales of su- 
pernatural events. Upon the stage supernatural 
beings are always introduced to the satisfaction of 
the great mass of spectators. 

This sentiment also keeps up among many na- 
tions the belief in their fabulous and wonderful 
origin. 



48 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY 

Its too great energy makes men often believe 
in inspirations, phantoms, presentiments, dreams, 
ghosts, demons, in astrology, magic, or sorcery * 
Its want leaves us every-day beings, and strips 
supernaturality and marvellousness of all their 
charms . 

The organ of this feeling is situated before that 
of hope, under the upper and lateral portion of 
the frontal bone, near the coronal suture. 

19. — Ideality* 

This primitive sentiment exalts the other pow- 
ers, and makes us enthusiasts, gives warmth to 
our language, energy to our actions, and fires us 
with rapture and exultation, or poetic imagination, 
fancy, and inspiration as it is termed. 

Poetry, it is evident, neither consists in ver- 
sification, nor in rhyming, since prose writings 
may be full of poetry, and verses show none of 
its glow or its coloring. 

This feeling makes man aspire after perfection, 
and look for things as they ought to be. In the 
arts, it causes the taste for sublimity. 

The want of this feeling leaves the mind to op- 
erate by the means of its other elements, and de- 
prived of exaltation. 



SENTIMENTS. 49 

The organ of ideality lies above the temples, 
in the course of the temporal ridge of the frontal 
bone. 

20.— Mirthfutness* 

This sentiment diffuses over the mind a dispo- 
sition to view objects and events in a ludicrous 
light, in the same way as ideality tends to exalt 
all its functions. It may be combined with the 
affective as well as the intellectual faculties. If 
along with the higher powers it be applied to 
ideas and conceptions of importance, its agency 
is called wit ; directed to common events and les- 
ser notions, it appears as humor) in union with 
constructiveness and configuration, it produces 
caricatures, and pictures in the manner of Hogarth 
and of Callot; acting, unattended by benevolence, 
particularly if combativeness and destructiveness 
be large at the same time, it originates satire 
and sarcasm. In short, jest, raillery, mock- 
ery, ridicule, irony, and every turn of mind or 
action that excites mirth, gaiety, and laughter, re- 
sult from this sentiment. In the writings of Vol- 
taire, Rabelais, Sterne, Prior, Boileau, Swift, &c. 
its activity is clearly perceived. 

The organ of this sentiment is situated at the 
5 



50 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

anterior, superior and lateral part of the forehead, 
immediately before that of idealky. 

21. — Imitation. 

This power gives a tendency to imitate; in 
general, it is very active in children, who learn 
so many things by imitation, as to have led sev- 
eral philosophers erroneously to maintain that this 
is the sole means of acquiring every kind of know- 
ledge. It gives the talent of imitating the voice 
and gestures of animals and men; it is, therefore, 
an essential faculty in actors; in the arts of pain- 
ting, engraving, and sculpture, it gives what is 
called expression. Those who possess it strong, 
easily acquire the accent of foreign languages. 

The organ of imitation lies on either side of 
that of benevolence. If both of these organs be 
larger, the superior, anterior portion of the head 
is elevated in a hemispherical form, or at least 
presents a level surface; but when the organ of be- 
nevolence alone is large, and that of imitation 
small, there is an elevation in the middle, and a 
declivity on the sides. 



EXTERNAL SENSES. 51 

Thus, positive facts prove, that the affective 
powers of the mind are numerous, and that each 
of them is manifested by means of a particular 
portion of the brain. These faculties, it is also 
to be remarked, act spontaneously, by their own 
inherent and internal power; they are, farther, in- 
voluntary and quite independent of understanding, 
the light of which they require to act to good pur- 
pose, for by themselves they are blind, and 
all, without exception, liable to err. 

ORDEfi II. — Intellectual Faculties. 

The essential nature of these faculties is to 
know] they make man and animals acquainted with 
their own, and the existence of external objects, 
and with the physical qualities and relations of 
these. They may be subdivided into external 
senses, perceptive faculties, and reflective powers. 

Genus I. — External Senses. Generalities. 

Since the time of Locke the greater number 
of philosophical systems rest upon the axiom of 
Aristotle, that the first notions come into the mind 
by means of the external senses. According to 
this hypothesis, the perfection of the mental func- 



52 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

tions depends on the perfection of the external 
senses. This, however, neither holds good in 
the case of animals nor of men: Many animals 
have the senses more active and more perfect than 
the human kind; no animal, however, equals man 
in understanding. Many idiots have the external 
senses healthy and energetic; but this is no reme- 
dy against their deficiency of understanding. A 
most conclusive proof of the innate dispositions 
of the mind, is found in the case of the Scotch- 
man, James Mitchel, and Julia Brace, who, de- 
prived of sight and hearing, and without education 
of any kind, displayed from the earliest age great 
capacities both as the affective and intellectual 
functions of the mind are concerned. 

The external senses, then, are merely the in- 
struments by means of which the internal facul- 
ties, acted upon by external impressions, mani- 
fest their activity. They do not acquire any 
knowledge of external objects, or of their quali- 
ties and relations; the eyes, for instance, do not 
judge of colors; the ears do not appreciate or pro- 
duce melody,neither do they invent any verbal lan- 
guage; the smell does not possess local memory, 
nor does the touch give rise to the instinctive 
labors of animals, or the mechanical arts of man. 



EXTERNAL SENSES 53 

The hypothesis, according to which talents are 
derived from external instruments, is easily re- 
futed. Many animals have those instruments to 
which peculiar faculties are ascribed, without the 
corresponding functions. Monkeys have hands 
adequate to put wood on a fire, but they have 
not understanding enough, by doing so, to guard 
against the cold. Insects, crawfish, lobsters, and 
especially the cuttlefish, have no idea of geome- 
try, though they have numerous and perfect in- 
struments of touch. 

External instruments too, are often similar, 
while the offices performed by them differ entire- 
tirely. The hare and rabbit have similar feet, 
yet the hare lies in the open field, whilst the rab- 
bit makes a burrow. On the other hand, similar 
functions are performed by animals whose instru- 
ments are quite different. The proboscis is to 
the elephant what the hand is to man and to the 
monkey. The hands of monkeys and the feet of 
squirrels and of parrots are very different, yet all 
hold their food by these instruments when they 
eat. Finally, if man owe his arts to his hand, 
w T hy do not idiots invent? Why do painters drop 
the pencil, sculptors the chisel, and architects the 
rule and compass, as soon as their understanding 
5* 



54 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

is fatigued or deranged? And why do individu- 
als often produce stupendous and admirable works 
by the assistance of crippled hands or of stumps? 
Who can measure the capacities for the mechan- 
ical and imitative arts by the conformation of the 
hands ? 

The external instruments, however, it must' be 
allowed, are very useful and important. There 
is even some relation between them and the in- 
ternal faculties. Without external instruments 
the internal powers could not manifest their ac- 
tivity. Carnivorous animals, for instance, could 
not destroy without claws and teeth, but the pro- 
pensity to destroy must be derived from within. 
The instruments, then, are what the name indi- 
cates: means of performing actions dictated by 
internal faculties. 

The external senses being frequently the mere 
instruments employed by internal powers, their 
functions must be divided into mediate and imme- 
diate. The mediate functions cannot be explain- 
ed by their instrumentality alone; the particular 
parts of the brain aid in their production, while 
the senses themselves suffice for the performance 
of their immediate functions. 

It is very difficult to point out the special or 



external senses. 55 

immediate functions of the external senses, as 
they are so intimately connected with those of 
the internal faculties. This intimate connection 
is necessary on account of the mediate functions 
of the senses. The nerves of motion and feeling, 
for instance, assist all the internal powers; they 
are conseqeuntly in communication with the whole 
of the cerebral organs. 

Phrenologists endeavor, however, to specify 
the immediate external as well as the primary in- 
ternal senses. In doing so, they must keep in mind 
that each sense performs only one sort of immediate 
function, that each has its power inherent in itself, 
and that the functions of each depend on the state 
of its appropriate organ, and on the observance of 
certain positive laws. If the organization be per- 
fect, the functions are perfect also, if the organi- 
zation be diseased, the functions are likewise dis- 
turbed, notwithstanding all preceding exercise. 

Much has been said of the mutual rectification 
of the senses. This expression cannot mean that 
one sense acquires the power of performing its 
functions from another. Philosophers, it is true, 
say that a rod, which, plunged into water, appears 
crooked, is proved by the touch to be straight. 
But even though the mind does know the contra- 
ry, the eyes must still esteem the rod crooked, 



56 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY- 

because they cannot see but according to the 
laws of the refraction of light. In the accepta- 
tion, however, that each sense cannot produce 
the same sensations, or make us acquainted with 
the same bodies, or with the same qualities of ex- 
ternal objects, there is, it must be admitted, a 
mutual rectification among the senses. The eyes, 
in this way, may rectify the touch, and the con- 
trary. If, without our knowledge, a piece of thin 
paper were placed between two of our fingers, we 
might not feel it, but we should see it. Many 
liquids look like water, and it would be impossible 
to distinguish them as any thing else by the sense 
of sight or touch, but the smell or taste detect the 
difference at once. Thus, the external senses rec- 
tify each other only to the extent of their several 
capacities of perceiving peculiar impressions . In 
natural history, therefore, in order to become ex- 
actly acquainted with external objects, they are 
examined by the aid of all the senses. Qualities 
are then detected by one which had escaped 
another. 

PARTICULARS OF THE SENSES. 

It now remains for me to specify the functions 
of the external senses. 



EXTERNAL SENSES. 57 

Since IS 15, in my lectures and publications, 
English and French, I have constantly maintain- 
ed that the nerves of motion differ from those of 
feeling, and I have adduced anatomical, physio- 
logical, and pathological proofs in support of my 
position. 

Feeling. 

The sense of feeling is the most extensive of all 
the senses, being continued not only over the 
whole external surface of the body, but also over 
the intestinal canal. It produces the most general 
perceptions of pain and pleasure, of temperature, 
and of dryness and moisture. All its other func- 
tions are mediate, that is, internal faculties per- 
ceive the numerous impressions it propagates. 

Taste . 

The sphere of activity of taste is confined to 
the perception of savors, it is particularly useful 
to nutrition. 

Smell. 

The sense of smell procures the sensations of 
odor. All its other functions are mediate. By 



58 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

its means the world begins to act upon man and 
animals from a distance, odorous particles being 
detached from external bodies, and affecting the 
olfactory nerves. This sense informs animals of 
the existence of their food, and of the approach 
of friends and of enemies. 



Hearing 

The immediate function of the sense of hear- 
ing is the perception of sound; but it assists many 
of the internal, more especially of the affective 
powers. 

Sight 

The sense of sight perceives light and its dif- 
ferent degrees of intensity; it also informs man 
and animals of remote objects by means of an in- 
termedium. 

Sight and hearing appear commonly later after 
birth than the other senses. Some animals, how- 
ever, come into the world with perfect ears and 
eyes. Others are said to learn to hear and to see, 
that is to say, they come into the world with im- 
perfect organs of sight and hearing. 



PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 59 



Genus II. — Perceptive Faculties. 

They are destined to make man and animals 
acquainted with existences, with the physical 
qualities of external objects, and with their vari- 
ous relations. 

22. — Individuality* 

This power produces the conception of being 
or existence, and knows objects in their individ- 
ual capacities. When very active, it is fond of 
knowing individual objects, and takes pleasure in 
personifying even mere events and phenomena, 
and persons endowed with it in a high degree, 
are apt to confound phenomena with beings or 
entities. The substantives of artificial language 
correspond to the knowledge this faculty ac- 
quires. 

The organ of individuality lies behind the root 
of the nose, between the eyebrows. 



80 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 



23. — Configuration* 

This faculty procures knowledge of configura- 
tion, one of the first qualities of external objects 
which the mind considers. It makes us atten- 
tive to figures, and enables us to recollect persons 
and forms we have seen before; combined with 
acquisitiveness it leads to the collection of por- 
traits. Crystallography also depends on it. 

The organ of configuration is situated in the 
internal angle of the orbit; if large, it pushes the 
eyeball outwards and downwards towards the Ex- 
ternal angle; and thus separates the eyes from 
the root of the nose, and from each other, 

24.— Size* 

Another physical quality considered by the 
mind in external objects is size in all its dimen- 
sions. Sight and feeling are not sufficient to 
conceive notions of this kind, which cannot be 
confounded with ideas of configuration. These 
two kinds of conception differ essentially, and 
may be acquired independently of each other. 

The faculty of size measures distances and 



PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 61 

space. In arts of drawing, painting, archi- 
tecture, and sculpture, it presides over propor- 
tion. 

The organ of size is placed in the internal 
angle of the orbit, above that of configuration, and 
on both sides of individuality. It is, however, 
difficult to point out the organ, partly on account 
of its smallness, partly on account of the frontal 
sinus. 

25. — Weight. 

Notions of this kind cannot be attributed to the 
sense of feeling, though their determinate appli- 
cation requires previous impressions to be made 
on the muscles; they are the result of an internal 
operation of the mind. This faculty is proved to 
be special by the reasons which demonstrate the 
plurality of the faculties and organs in general. 

The organ of w T eight lies in the vicinity of that 
of size, in the ridge of the eyebrows. 

26. — Coloring. 

This faculty presides over our knowledge of 
colors; these it recollects, judges in their rela- 
tions, and determines as to their harmoniousness 
6 



62 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

or discordancy. It is by no means proportion- 
ate to the power of perceiving light. There are 
individuals who appreciate all the other qualities 
of external objects, acquired by the medium of 
sight, with perfect accuracy, but who cannot dis- 
tinguish one color from another, green, for in- 
stance, from red or brown. 

The faculty of coloring is necessary to paint- 
ers, dyers, enamellers, and to all who are in any 
way occupied with colors. It is through its 
agency that we are charmed by the beauty of the 
flower-garden, and the variously tinted landscape, 
and show good taste in the choice of colors for 
our dress, and the furniture of our houses. 

Of this faculty, as of all others, it is important 
not to confound great with perfect activity. 
There are individuals, and whole nations, who 
are fond of showy colors, but have little taste in 
their arrangement, or little feeling for their har- 
mony or discord. 

Animals may possibly feel the harmony of col- 
ons, though they have no painting; for there is a 
great difference between the capacity of produc- 
ing, and that of perceiving. Animals have the 
senses of smell and taste, but they cannot procure 
gratifications for these senses by artificial means. 



PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 63 

The seat of the organ of coloring is in the middle 
of the eyebrow; if large, this part is either strong- 
ly arched, or it is prominent, and gives a peculiar 
appearance of fulness to the upper eyelid. 

27. — Locality. 

This faculty conceives and remembers the sit- 
uations and the relative localities of external ob- 
jects. It thus enables the beings endowed with 
it to find their dwellings again, to know the places 
in which they had been before, and was therefore 
in the order of nature to man and animals, as they 
must quit their habitation frequently in quest of 
food for themselves or their young. Some ani- 
mals possess this power in very high perfection, 
and excite amazement by the strength of their local 
memory, others again are almost destitute of it. 
One dog, having scarcely gone out, loses its way, 
another finds its usual abode and an old master 
from an enormous distance. 

This power also produces the desire to travel, 
and to see localities; it further, disposes many an- 
imals to migrate, and directs them in their cour- 
ses. Migratory animals not only return at certain 
periods of the year to the same clime or coun- 
try, but even to the same window, bush, chim- 
ney, or tree, they had formerly inhabited. 



64 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

These migrations, it is certain, are not occa- 
sioned by want of food alone, though this may un- 
questionably influence them; migratory animals, 
though confined, and fed abundantly, become un- 
quiet at the period the species to which they be- 
long takes its departure. 

This faculty makes the traveller and geographer; 
it is also essential to astronomers, geometricians, 
and landscape painters. 

The organ of locality is situated above that of 
size; it spreads laterally and reaches the middle 
of the forehead. The frontal sinus seldom ex- 
tends to this part; observations on it are therefore 
made with less difficulty than on the organs of size 
and weight. 

28.— Order. 

Order supposes plurality, but a number of ob- 
jects may exist without order. Idiots are some- 
times fond of order, and like to see everything 
at its place; mankind at large offer the greatest 
diversities in regard to the exhibition of this facul- 
ty. It may be applied to various other powers, 
as to form, size, weight, color, w T ords, tones, and 
things. It gives method and order, and produces 



PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES, 05 

physical arrangement. The arrangement, how- 
ever, which this faculty originates, must not be 
confounded with philosophical classification, ac- 
cording to reason and logical inference. This 
depends on the reflective faculties. 

The organ of order lies externally of coloring. 

29. — Calculation, 

This faculty embraces whatever concerns num- 
ber, unity and plurality. Its object is numeration 
and calculation in general, hence algebra, arith- 
metic, and logarithms belong to it. It may be 
applied to size, configuration, color, tune, and 
the notions acquired by the other intellectual fac- 
ulties. Some individuals, even children, excel 
in the talent of calculating, whilst they are inferi- 
or in almost every other respect. 

The organ of calculation is placed at the exter- 
nal angle of the orbit; if it be large, this part is 
depressed, or projects, and appears full. 

30. — Eventuality, 

This faculty acquires the knowledge of events, 

occurrences, or phenomena; its essential nature 

is expressed by the infinitive mood of the part of 

speech styled verb. It is attentive to all that 
6* 



66 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

happens, observes the activity of -the other pri- 
mary faculties, excites their activity, and desires 
knowledge of their functions. Historical know- 
ledge also belongs to it. 

The organ of eventuality is situated above that 
of individuality. It is proportionately larger in 
the young than in the adult. Youth requires it, 
particularly in order to gain experience in the 
world. 

21.— Time. 

The mind has notions of the succession, of the 
duration, and of the simultaneous occurrence 
of events, that is, of time. This power cannot be 
confounded with that of calculation, nor with that 
of order, though it may be combined w T ith both, 
either severally, or in union. Yesterday, today, 
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, — this con- 
stitutes a succession and duration, without any re- 
gard to number of days. 

This power is essential in music, as it mea- 
sures the duration of tones. In the study of his- 
tory it presides over chronology with reference 
to the duration and succession of events; the 
dates of their occurrence are remembered by the 
faculty of calculation. 



PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 67 

In reflecting on the combinations of time, 
number, and order, there appears more con- 
nection between number and order, than between 
time and number. Time, too, is rather in re- 
lation to events, order to objects. 

The organ of time is situated above and be- 
fore that of order, between those of eventuali- 
ty and melody, with the functions of which it is 
intimately and importantly connected. 



32.— Tune. 

The power of tune has the same relation to 
the ear as coloring has to the eye. The ear 
apprehends sounds, and is agreeably or disa- 
greeably affected by them, but it has no recol- 
lectiou of tones, neither does it judge of their re- 
lations, as being harmonious or discordant. 
Sounds, however, as well as colors, may be 
separately pleasing, and disagreeable in combi- 
bination. 

The organ of melody is situated laterally in the 
forehead, above those of order and calculation. 
Its external appearance varies according to the 
form of the convolutions of which it is constituted, 
and the development of the neighboring organs. 



68 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY, 

In Gluck, Gellineck, and Haydn, it has a pyra- 
midal form; in Handel, Dusseck, Viotti, and 
Cherubini, the external corners of the forehead 
are only rounded and enlarged. 

This organ exists in singing birds, and its dif- 
ferent development is very conspicuous in the 
males and females of the same species, 

33. — Language. 

This faculty acquires knowledge of artificial 
signs, and arranges them according to natural 
laws, in the same way as the power of color- 
ing or of melody does colors or tones. The 
power of knowing artificial signs must not be 
confounded with the individual faculties which 
produce the sensations and ideas indicated by, 
or which invent, those signs. One individual 
may have many notions, and feel the greatest 
difficulty in expressing them, and another may 
possess words in abundance and very few ideas. 

The organ of language is in the lower and back 
part of the anterior lobe of the brain, and lies 
transversely upon the orbitory plate of the frontal 
bone. It pushes the eyes more or less forward 
and downward, according to its development. If 



PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 69 

it be large, the under eyelid assumes a swollen 
appearance. It seems to be composed of sever- 
al portions, one of which, in particular, is destin- 
ed to learn proper names. 



Genus III. — Reflective Powers. 

These powers constitute what is called reason. 
They are applied to all the other faculties, and 
contribute to direct them in their functions. 



34. — Comparison. 

Each other intellectual faculty compares its 
own appropriate and peculiar notions. Melody, 
for instance, compares tones; coloring, colors; 
configuration, forms; calculation, numbers, &c; 
but this special power compares the functions of 
all the other primitive faculties, points out resem- 
blances, analogies, identities, and differences. 
Its essential nature is to compare; it is therefore 
fond of analogies, in the same way as melody 
likes the harmony of tones, and coloring the har- 
mony of colors; but it also appreciates differen- 
ces, just as melody and coloring feel discords 
among their respective impressions. Differen- 



70 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

ces, in fact, are the discords of the faculty of com- 
parison. This power produces discrimination, 
generalisation, abstraction, and induces the mind, 
wishing to communicate unknown ideas, to refer 
and to illustrate by such as are known, or to speak 
in examples. It is destined to establish harmony 
among all mental phenomena. 

By the influence of this power, artificial signs 
become figurative; the nations, consequently, who 
have it active, have a metaphorical language. 

The organ of comparison is placed in the up- 
per and middle part of the forehead; it presents, 
when it is large and the surrounding organs mod- 
erate or small, the figure of a reversed pyramid 
outwardly. 

35. — Causality. 

Individuality makes us acquainted with objects, 
eventuality with events and occurrences, com- 
parison points out their identity, analogy, or dif- 
ference, and this power gives the idea of connec- 
tion, as between causes and effects. It forces 
us to think that every event has some cause, and 
thus by successive steps we arrive at the concep- 
tion of a first cause of all. The idea of God or 



PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 71 

the Supreme Being therefore depends on the 
causality. This power applied to actions, make 
us look for motives, and prompts us on all occa- 
sions to ask Why? Combined with individuality, 
eventuality and comparison, the truly philosophic 
spirit results; conclusions and inductions are 
drawn, and principles and laws pointed out. 
Causality is to the understanding what conscien- 
tiousness is to the feelings, it forms the essential 
part of reason, as this does of morality. 

When very active causality attempts to explain 
every thing, it then acts without the support of 
data, or it draws inferences from single facts, or 
it endeavors to penetrate things that must remain 
unknown to man in this life, such as the origin, 
nature and end of things, the nature of God, the 
state of the soul hereafter. When we wander 
thus far we must believe but we cannot conceive. 
Man knows only the succession of events, and if 
one be seen uniformly to succeed another, the 
precedent is considered as the cause, and the suc- 
cedent as the effect. 

The organ of causality is situated by the sides 
of comparison. 



72 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

The primitive powers and their respective or- 
gans, being demonstrated by observation and 
induction, never will be rejected by rea- 
soning; they must be admitted as the will of 
Him who made every thing. This is the only 
answer to be given to those who either from 
timidity or improper motives, take up objec- 
tions to Phrenology. Let them understand 
themselves when they say their prayer, ' Thy 
will be done on earth, as it is in heaven,' and in 
acknowledging the functions of the brain, they 
will submit to the laws of the Creator, 



SECTION III. 

USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 

In this Section I shall confine myself to some 
general reflections, the details of which are exam- 
ined in separate works. I shall first show that 
Phrenology is not contrary to moral and religious 
considerations, and then add some remarks on its 
importance in the study of philosophy, in that of 
insanity, in social intercourse, and in directing 
education. 

II. — Phrenology is not contrary to Religion 
and Morality. 

Incontestable facts prove that the affective and 
intellectual faculties are inherent in the nature of 
man, and that their manifestations depend on the 
cerebral organization; but several oppose Phre- 
nology, and find it more convenient to cry out 
against its dangerous consequences, than to ex- 
amine the facts on which the doctrine is founded. 
This in all ages, has been the reception every 
discovery and every invention has encountered. 
Some become adversaries from ignorance, others 
8 



74 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

from malice; those of the latter class sometimes 
have recourse to truths, generally venerated, but 
which they themselves deride, to make an impres- 
sion upon the bulk of mankind. Phrenology in 
particular is accused of leading to Materialism 
and Fatalism. 

With Bishop Butler, I most firmly believe that 
4 there is a much more exact correspondence be- 
tween the natural and moral world, than we are 
apt to take notice of. ' How indeed should it be 
otherwise, since the same Creator must be the 
cause of both kinds of existences or entities? 
Whatever is, is, and must be considered as the 
will of our Maker. Phrenology, however, is 
most unjustly libelled in the particulars mentioned. 
Phrenologists place truth above every other con- 
sideration, but maintain such propositions only as 
may be demonstrated by observation. They 
show, that the manifestations of the mind depend 
on the brain; but in saying that each of its facul- 
ties manifests itself by means of a peculiar portion 
of that organ, they are no more materialists, than 
are all anatomists, physiologists, philosophers and 
moralists, who admit the mind's or soul's depen- 
dence on the whole of its mass, or even on the 
whole body. They do not maintain that there 



USEFCLNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 75 

is nothing but matter, they declare belief in the 
existence of mind, though they make no inquiry 
into its nature; and they only understand by the 
expression organ, an instrument by means of 
which some faculty makes itself known. The 
muscles are the organs of voluntary motion, but 
not the moving power; as the eyes are the organs 
of sight, but not the faculty of seeing: in the same 
way are the cerebral parts, the organs of the affec- 
tive and intellectual faculties of the mind, but not 
the faculties themselves. According to Phreno- 
logy, man is endowed with faculties fitted only to 
observe phenomena, and the conditions under 
which they exist and appear, but not to perceive 
either the beginning, the end, or the essence of 
any thing under the sun. Thus this doctrine leaves 
the question of materialism exactly where it was. 
Phrenology, it is also said, leads to fatalism. 
This expression has two meanings; one kind of 
fatalism implies, that the nature of man as well 
as of every other created being, has been 
determined by the Maker; that the primitive 
dispositions of vegetative and of phrenic life are 
unequally distributed, that invariable laws are dic- 
tated to man, and that without fulfilling them, he 
can never prosper: Phrenology admits this sort of 



76 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

fatalism. The very existence of man is indepen- 
dent of his will. No one has called himself into 
being; no one has determined his sex; no one 
has chosen to be the eldest or youngest born; to 
have come from strong or weak, from healthy or 
diseased parents; to live under this or that system 
of government and of religious worship; no one can 
change the laws of nutrition or the functions of 
the viscera; what is poison by nature, can never 
be changed into food. 

The external senses are the effect of creation, 
their functions depend on positive conditions, and 
take place according to determinate laws. It is 
impossible to see as large that which is small, or 
to behold as red that which is blue. 

In the same way Phrenology teaches that the 
number and nature of the affective and intellectu- 
al faculties are determined by creation, that their 
manifestations depend on bodily conditions, that 
they may be more or less perfect according to the 
existence or absence of these conditions; that for 
this reason the powers of the mind occur distribu- 
ted of different degrees of excellence, and all act 
according to determinate laws. • There are blind, 
deaf, or paralytic persons, and others who possess 
the external senses in great perfection. In the 



USEL-ULNESS OP PHREXOLOGF. 77 

same way there are idiots, and geniuses, and va- 
rious sorts of characters among men. 

A certain sort of fatalism has undoubtedly its 
foundation in nature. Hence the philosophers 
of China, Hindostan, and Greece, the eastern and 
western Christians, and the followers of Mahomet, 
have all blended a certain fatalism with their reli- 
gious opinions. Phrenology also teaches fatalism 
in so far as it exists; and such a doctrine instead 
of being dangerous to man, like truth in general 
is rather useful. Showing our nature, and the 
conditions necessary to success in any undertak- 
ing, we may be disposed to submit to them, and 
thus to prosper; whilst with ignorance and erro- 
neous opinions as our guides, we are not only 
prevented from aiding our happiness, but even 
bring down misery upon our heads. 

Phrenology, however, includes no doctrine of 
predestination, nor of irresistibility of actions. It 
only recognizes the mental powers to be innate, 
and dependent on conditions, and acting accord- 
ing to laws. It is therefore interesting to exam- 
ine how fatalism and liberty, are blended together, 
since both must be acknowledged in man. 

The faculties are given to animals and man, 

and thev are numerous, but all are not active at 

8* 



78 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

the same moment, and none drives irresistibly to 
action. Without muscles we could not move, 
but with muscles we are not forced to walk or to 
dance; without eyes we could not see, but with 
eyes we are not compelled to look at every thing. 
We suppose that animals, though deter minately 
endowed with powers, are free to act or not to 
act, else it would be the height of cruelty, to puiir 
ish them to prevent their repeating certain ac- 
tions. Who has not felt that he has combated 
particular inclinations by other motives? Neither 
in animals nor in man then are actions irresistible. 
God in giving the power has not inflicted the 
necessity. 

Let us now see to what extent, and under what 
conditions, animals and man are free. Freewill 
cannot be unbounded in a created being, and 
neither divine nor civil legislation has ever sup- 
posed liberty without motives. Such liberty 
would in itself be contradictory, for there would 
be no cause for acting reasonably or unreasona- 
bly, justly or unjustly, in one or another way, 
moreover education, moral and religious precepts, 
punishment, rewards, &c, would all be inefficient 
and useless. Were such absolute liberty recog- 
nised, we might expect indifferently from our 



USEFULNESS GF PHRENOLOGY. 79 

best friends and worst enemies, hatred or benev- 
olence, perfidy or fidelity, hypocrisy or candor, 
vice or virtue. On the other hand, admitting 
man to act by motives, then is he subjected like 
the rest of nature, to the law of cause and effect. 
This idea of liberty has alone been upheld by 
ancient philosophers, such liberty is alone sup- 
posed by morality and religion, which furnish the 
most noble motives to man in the guidance of his 
actions. 

Liberty then is founded on conditions, and in 
consequence, differs in degree in individuals, 
sometimes it is entirely wanting or suppressed, 
as in idiotism and insanity. There are three con- 
di lions necessary to free will : 1 . understanding ; for 
will begins with the perceptive and reflective fac- 
ulties. In order to decide for or against, or to 
have will, I must know what has occurred, what 
will happen, and I must compare and draw infer- 
ences as to results. Will is the decision of the 
understanding, and this decision takes place ac- 
cording to motives. Now the will of man has 
the greatest extent, because the will is propor- 
tionate to the understanding, and man acquires 
more knowledge than any other animal; he has 
traditions, compares with most facility the pres- 



80 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

ent with the past, and foresees future events, 
since he knows the relation between cause and 
effect. Free will increases also in proportion as 
the understanding is cultivated. 

The intellectual faculties, however, are not 
given up to chance. They act according to laws, 
and cannot decide indistinctly in favor of every 
thing, nor esteem all motive alike. 

Will, then, is very different from inclination. 
Every mental power being active gives desire, 
this may be very strong, and yet reason dictate 
its contrary. Will and desire are frequently in 
opposition; and we do not act by free will, be- 
cause we experience an internal satisfaction, but 
solely when we act according to the laws of re- 
flection. 

The second condition to liberty is a plurality 
of motives. This is required to permit a choice 
among them. Now it must be remembered that 
the strongest motive does not constitute free will. 
This, as already stated, requires the decision of 
the understanding, which, unfortunately, is so 
often overpowered by the feelings, that we can 
seldom flatter ourselves that we act according to 
its dictates in opposition to our inclinations. 

The second condition to liberty, viz, plurality 



USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 81 

of motives, like the first, varies in different per- 
sons, and establishes different degrees of free 
will. 

The third condition to liberty, is the influence 
of the understanding upon the instruments by 
means of which we act. The feelings start into 
activity independently of the will, but this can 
regulate the instruments of voluntary motion, the 
assistance of which is indispensable to outward 
deeds. If voluntary motion be abstracted from 
the influence of the will, liberty ceases. This 
sometimes happens in insanity; the inclinations 
are so strong that the understanding loses all pow- 
er over the instruments of voluntary motion. 

This is a true idea of liberty, but we have still 
to define in what the morality of our actions con- 
sists. Phrenology not only shows the plurality 
of the faculties, but also determines those which 
are common to man and animals, and those which 
are proper and peculiar to man; moreover, it 
proves the faculties proper to man as superior 
to all the rest; and therefore destined to direct 
them in their actions. Hence, according to phren- 
ological views, natural morality depends essen- 
tially on the faculties proper to man; whatever is 
done in conformity with their dictates, is morally 



82 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

good; whatever is done in opposition to their 
voice, is morally evil. 

It is obvious that the faculties in themselves 
can neither be called good nor bad; these expres- 
sions being applicable only to their functions. 



II. — Phrenology is the true Philosophy. 

The very object of Philosophy is to specify the 
fundamental powers of the mind. Now it is ob- 
vious, that the primitive powers admitted in 
phrenology differ widely from those hitherto rec- 
ognized by the schools of philosophy; and I may 
at once remark generally, that all the notions en- 
tertained by philosophers of ancient and modern 
times in reference to the mental powers, concern 
modified actions principally or effects of the prim- 
itive powers, such as they are established in 
Phrenology. 

Desire, for instance, is often considered a pri- 
mary mental power, whilst Phrenology treats it as 
an effect of the activity of each special faculty. 
Desires, therefore, are as different, and as various 
in kind as the primitive faculties. A person may 
thus possess one sort of desire very strong, and 
another very weak, according to the activity of 



USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 83 

the peculiar powers that desire respectively. One 
may be desirious of acquiring, and careless of be- 
ing conscientious; one may desire friendship, with- 
out showing anxiety about religious ceremonies, 
&c 

Jlffections, too, are generally spoken of as 
mental powers, whilst they are but different 
modes of the special faculties being affected. 
They are genera], that is, take place in every 
primitive faculty, or common to several powers, 
or special in single powers. Pleasure and pain, 
for instance, are general affections. Every facul- 
ty, being active and satisfied, is pleased, or pro- 
cures pleasure; and every faculty being active 
and not satisfied, is disagreeably affected, or pro- 
duces pain. Hence, it is easily understood that 
there are as many kinds of pleasure and pain as 
primitive faculties of the mind, and that each sort 
must vary in energy according to the activity of 
the faculty on which respectively it depends. 

Among the primary intellectual faculties, phil- 
osophers commonly reckon attention. This, how- 
ever, is an error; for attention is the consequence 
of the activity of the special intellectual faculties, 
whether aroused by their own inherent powers, 
or excited by a feeling or by an impression from 



84 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY 

without. Every faculty being active attends to 
the object with which it is in relation, and its ac- 
tivity accompanied with cognizance is called at* 
tention. 

Perception , too, is but the cognizance of its 
function, which every intellectual faculty acquires. 
There are, therefore, as many sorts of percep- 
tions as special intellectual faculties of the mind. 

Neither is memory a primitive faculty; it is 
only an effect of a higher degree of activity of 
every intellectual power, and consists in a repro- 
duction of previously acquired perceptions or no- 
tions. A person may, therefore, possess an ex- 
cellent memory of one kind, be very deficient in 
another, and be without a third entirely. The 
memory of the faculty of eventuality, in particular, 
is styled reminiscence; it arises from the repeti- 
tion of the former perceptions by this power. 

Imagination has two meanings, but in no sense 
does it indicate a fundamental power. Each in- 
tellectual faculty may act spontaneously, and 
search for the objects with which it is in relation. 
This degree of activity, then, leads to invention, 
and is called imagination; there is, therefore, no 
primitive general faculty of invention. The great 
musician composes by a particular power, the . 



USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 85 

great mechanician invents machines by special 
talents, and the poet bodies forth conceptions, 
and describes by another combination of peculiar 
powers. Imagination, therefore, considered as 
the faculty of invention, is as different as the men- 
tal powers themselves i 

Imagination is also employed to signify exalta- 
tion, and is then the result of the primitive facul- 
ty of ideality. 

Judgment is no more fundamental than percep- 
tion or 'memory; it results from the perfect, or 
more or less imperfect state of activity of the in- 
tellectual faculties generally. Each of these is in 
relation to certain objects, and acts according to 
primitive laws. The power of melody is destin- 
ed to know and to feel the relation of tones to 
each other. The result of the perfect operation 
of this power is called good judgment. An in- 
dividual, therefore, may possess a good judgment 
in music, and not judge the perfect performance 
ef other mental functions, with the same accura- 
cy; he may, for instance, be very inferior in the 
talent of feeling the harmony or discord of colors. 

The more or less perfect activity of the percep- 
tive powers, is called taste as well as judgment. 
Good or bad taste or judgment for music, for 
9 



86 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

painting, for architecture, &c, is consequently 
spoken of. 

The perfect action of the reflective powers 
constitutes the true philosophical judgment; it is, 
however, much assisted by the harmoniously com- 
bined action of all the primitive faculties, particu- 
larly of individuality and eventuality. 

Finally, association has been considered as a 
special power, whilst it is merely die result of the 
mutual influence of the fundamental faculties. 
Taking place among the intellectual functions, the 
name association of ideas, is applied to the men- 
tal operation, but it occurs also among the feel- 
ings, and among these and the intellectual facul- 
ties. Amativeness, or philoprogenitiveness, ex- 
cites combativeness; self-esteem may be combin- 
ed with firmness, constructiveness with configura- 
tion, size and calculation. Now we may easily 
conceive that the powers which often act together, 
should be apt to associate their activity, that is, 
readily to excite each other. 

From the few preceding and very general re- 
marks it may be inferred that Phrenology is a new 
system of philosophy, founded on observation 
and induction, and on the invariable laws of na- 
ture. 



S7 



III. — Phrenology is tjjs Foundation of a 
sound Doctrine on Insanity. 

It is a mistake to suppose that medical gentle- 
men are particularly fitted to decide of the truth 
or falsehood of Phrenology. This science is 
founded on observations, and they only who ob- 
serve, have a right to form an opinion. Physi- 
cians are neither more nor less capacitated or au- 
thorized to judge of the validity of Phrenology, 
before they have gone to nature and inquired, 
than any other class of the community. They, 
indeed, generally deserve especial blame for their 
neglect of this most important study, every way 
calculated to bestow honor on their profession. 
They, too, who in particular devote themselves 
to the treatment of insanity, ought to consider it 
as a prime duty to investigate Phrenology, since 
it is evidently impossible to conceive just ideas 
of pathology, or of diseased actions, without pre- 
vious knowledge of the functions in a healthy state. 
Whatever be the doctrine of the mental functions 
that is true, it must certainly and necessarily pre- 
cede sound views on insanity or mental derange* 
ment. 



88 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

Though this matter principally concerns the 
medical profession, and is examined in detail in 
my work en Insanity, there are, however, several 
points which may be interesting to the inquiring 
and intelligent part of the public, and that are par- 
ticularly important to judges and jurymen. 
These I shall mention briefly, and begin with the 
question: In what does insanity consist ? 

As insanity deprives individuals of their social 
rights, and produces inconveniences of the grav- 
est nature, its definition must be given in relation 
to medical jurisprudence, rather than to the heal- 
ing art. Insanity is that peculiar state of the 
mind which is attended with the loss of moral lib- 
erty. 

The intellectual derangements are the most ob- 
vious, but insanity is not confined to them; many 
insane persons, if we grant their premises, reason 
with perfect consistency, some even with in- 
creased force, so that one sort of insanity is 
designated by the name reasoning insanity. Ma- 
ny are throughout sane, except in one feeling. 

Insanity is commonly partial; it is very seldom 
general. It is also intermittent or continued. 
The principal point to be insisted on is, that the 
cause of every sort of insanity is corporeal. The 



USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY 89 

mind being immaterial, cannot be conceived to 
become diseased; it cannot fall sick any more 
than it can die. The instruments of its manifes- 
tations can alone be deranged. The mind itself 
is not considered as diseased in blindness, or in 
deafness, neither can it be so esteemed in idiot- 
cy, nor in any kind or variety of insanity. In- 
deed, all concurs to prove that the cause of men- 
tal derangement is corporeal. 

i. This complaint, like many other diseases, 
is hereditary. Now hereditary dispositions can- 
not be explained by the transmission of mind 
itself, but they are easily accounted for by sup- 
posing the propagation of the corporeal conditions 
on which its manifestations depend. Parents 
and guardians, therefore, in disposing of their 
children in marriage, ought to know the danger of 
forming an alliance with a family in which insani- 
ty, or any other hereditary disease prevails. 
Every one, it is true, may become insane, with- 
out having inherited the disposition, but the dan- 
ger with respect to insanity, as to every other 
illness, is increased by an hereditary cause. 

It seems to me a crime to conceal insanity, 

and to neglect medical advice in the beginning 

when the disease may generally be cured, and to 
9* 



90 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

let it become incurable. It is a horrible preju- 
dice to conceive that insanity is any disgrace. 
It is no disgrace, it is the most lamentable of all 
the host of diseases to which man is liable. If 
other hereditary complaints of a pulmonary, cu- 
taneous, or urinary nature, for instance, be taken 
care of, insanity, or cerebral illness, certainly the 
most dreadful affliction of all, should not be ne- 
glected. 

2. Another proof that insanity is a corporeal 
disease, lies in the fact of its depending on age. 
Very young and very old people are less exposed 
to become insane than middle-aged persons in 
whom the cerebral organization is the most active, 
this is between the twentieth and fortieth year. 

3. Insanity is more frequent in women than in 
men. The cause certainly cannot be ascribed to 
their minds. 

4. Insanity is influenced by climate, season, 
and weather; its remissions and exacerbations 
correspond with the changes of the atmospheric 
temperature; hence, the disease depends on cor- 
poreal causes. 

5. All that excites, weakens, or disturbs the 
general bodily health, especially the nervous sys- 
tem, influences the manifestations of the mind. 



USEFULNESS OE PHRENOLOGY. 91 

Disorders of the digestive functions, intoxication, 
early dissipation, pregnancy, bad practices, and 
other circumstances that act solely on the organ- 
ization, frequently derange the functions of the 
mind, and produce insanity. 

6. Insanity is often accompanied, or alternates 
with corporeal diseases. The insane often com- 
plain of noises in the ears, of habitual headache, 
of pain over the eyes, a sense of weight, stricture 
and numbness across the forehead, of dizziness, 
of indigestion, &c. Insanity sometimes alter- 
nates with intermittent fever, with epilepsy, &c; 
hence, it must be considered as a disease of the 
organization. 

7. The sleep is often disturbed in insanity, and 
sleep is dependent on corporeal causes. Insane, 
as other patients, are frequently sleepless. 

8. Finally, the course of insanity, its begin- 
ning, intermittency, periodical exacerbations and 
remissions, prove its dependency on corporeal 
causes. 

Much has been done to improve the condition 
of the insane, but still more will be effective for 
their advantage, as soon as Phrenology is gener- 
ally understood. Then the monstrous error, 
founded on ignorance, to say that insanity is a dis- 



92 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

ease of the mind and a disgrace, and to suppose 
that it is beyond the reach of the healing art, will 
be abandoned. Then, too, will a good medical 
treatment be thought of, and all the common con- 
siderations upon pathology will be applied to in- 
sanity. 



IV. — Phrenology guides our Judgment in 
social Intercourse. 

Phrenology affords an exposition of human 
nature generally; it therefore rectifies the errors 
commonly committed in judging of others . Each 
takes his own nature as the measure of his likings 
or aversions, of his praise or his blame; but Phre- 
nology founds all judgment on the knowledge of 
human nature at large. It proves that the dispo- 
sitions of all though essentially the same, still dif- 
fer in degrees; that some accordingly are slender- 
ly gifted with talents, and others endowed with ge- 
nius; that no two individuals agree precisely, in 
their modes of feeling and thinking; hence that 
none has a right to take himself as the standard 
of mankind. Phrenologists compassionate men- 



USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY 93 

tal as well as bodily defects, idiotism and imbeci- 
lity, as well as deafness and blindness. They de- 
ny personal immunities and privileges, treat eve- 
ry one with equal indulgence, and like severity. 
They assert, that actions universally should be in 
harmony with the powers proper to man, the an- 
imal faculties remaining auxiliary and subordinate. 
Notwithstanding the endless modifications of 
mental faculties there exists a natural sympathy 
between certain individuals, w T hile there are oth- 
ers who feel a mutual antipathy or aversion to 
each other. The principles of natural sympathy 
and antipathy are simple: each faculty when active 
desires, and being satisfied, procures pleasure, 
hence, every one likes, or sympathizes with those 
in whose society his active faculties find their grat- 
ification, or else he dislikes or feels antipathy for 
others, who obstruct him in the satisfaction of his 
powers. The more numerous and energetic the 
active faculties are, the greater is the sympathy or 
antipathy according as they are satisfied or not. 



94 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 



V- — Phrenology is the basis of Education, 

The friends of mankind cannot be satisfied with 
their general condition, either as their physical, 
moral or intellectual parts are implicated. Much 
has been attempted to improve the human race, 
but it is a lamentable truth that hitherto, edu- 
cation has effected far less than would have 
been desirable. Now either the human kind can- 
not be perfected, or if it can, the true means of 
attaining the end have not been employed. Let it 
first be understood, in what the perfectibility of 
mankind consists. Man can never be deprived 
of a primitive power or made to acquire another; 
Phrenology admits one species of man, endowed 
with a certain number of fundamental powers; but 
these individually are more or less active in differ- 
ent races or in different individuals of the same 
race. Now the activity of the special powers 
may be increased or diminished, and their actions 
regulated; and to this, the perfectibility of man is 
confined. 

I think the great causes to which failure of all 
attempts at improvement may be ascribed, is the 
ignorance of human nature; in other words, the 



USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 95 

inconceivable error of considering the minds of 
children as blank paper, on which every impres- 
sion may be stamped; and the unpardonable ne- 
glect of the natural laws of propagation. The 
whole system of education will be changed in 
proportion as the nature of man becomes known. 
It will then be perceived that he must be perfect- 
ed like every other created being, under the gui- 
dance of experience, or by following the lights of 
observation and induction. 

The education of man comprehends all that 
conducts to the cultivation of his nature; that is, 
the faculties of his body and of his mind, from the 
moment of conception to that of death, in the 
healthy and diseased state. 

Education, as applied to the body is called phy- 
sical, to the mind it is styled moral. As, how- 
ever, the mental manifestations depend on the 
body, its influence must be examined in reference 
to moral functions. In my work on Education, 
I pass over this division to speak of the conditions 
which contribute to the greater or less activity of 
the body and of the mind, and to examine into 
the means of directing the powers to a certain 
aim. 

The principal points, considered in the first 



96 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. 

section, are the laws of propagation; of the vege- 
tative functions: of exercise; and those of the mu- 
tual influence of the fundamental powers. In the 
second section I examined the importance of mor- 
ality; and shewed that every power tends to ac- 
tion; that there is no action without motive; and 
that the innate powers essentially the same, but 
different in degrees, and modified in both sexes, 
should be attended to. I came to the final con- 
clusion that, if the true means of excitement and 
those of direction be employed, arts and sciences 
might be improved, moral evil be diminished, 
and mankind in general be brought nearer their 
destination* 



Works published by the same author in Eng- 
lish. 

1. Anatomy of the brain, with eleven plates, 8vo. 

2. Appendix to the anatomy of the brain, with 
lithographic plates. 

3. Phrenology, or the doctrine of the mental phe- 
nomena with their relations to the body, with 
a frontispiece. 

4. Philosophical principles of phrenology. 

5. Observations on Insanity. 

6. Elementary principles of Education. 

7. Phrenology in connection with the study of 
physiognomy. Parti. Characters with 34 li- 
thographic plates, royal 8vo. 

8. Philosophical Catechism of the natural laws 
of man. 

9. Article of the For. Quart.- Review, on phren- 
ology, with notes. 



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